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(PSA) - Glycoprotein with protease activity. It is synthesized in the epithelial cells of the prostate gland and secreted into the seminal fluid, which ensures the liquefaction of sperm. PSA is present in the blood in minimal amounts and is found both free (free PSA) and combined with α1-antichymotrypsin (PSA-ACT) and α2-macroglobulin (PSA-AMG). 86% of circulating PSA is present in the form of PSA-ACT complex, only a small part of PSA is associated with α2-macroglobulin and is not determined during laboratory research, therefore the determined total PSA level is the sum of free PSA and PSA-ACT complex . With age, the total PSA level increases and the percentage of free PSA decreases.
The prostate-specific antigen test increases the chance of detecting prostate cancer at an early stage. However, the routine use of the prostate-specific antigen test for prostate cancer screening in men without suspicious symptoms is controversial.
Men who have symptoms of prostate cancer (low back pain; pelvic pain; difficult, frequent, and/or painful urination) are often tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) along with a digital rectal examination (DRE). In patients who have been diagnosed with prostate cancer, the PSA test can help determine how advanced the cancer is.
What does an elevated PSA mean?
An increase in PSA can be caused by any prostate disease:
An increase in PSA can also be caused by factors such as:
Some medications can lower PSA levels. Such are - finasteride, dutasteride, antiandrogen drugs (flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide).
A low PSA level does not rule out prostate cancer. However, in general, the higher the PSA level, the higher the likelihood of cancer. A rapid or persistent rise in PSA, or rapid changes in PSA levels, further increases the likelihood of cancer. Prostate cancer is also more likely in men who have a low fPSA or a high cPSA.
The PSA test can help detect prostate cancer, but the PSA test alone cannot diagnose cancer. The only way to definitively diagnose cancer is a prostate biopsy. An increase in PSA in patients who have received anti-cancer treatment can be an indicator of recurrence.
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