Profile of urinary tract infections | Laboratory research

General Information

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of the kidneys, bladder, or urethra. The most common type of urinary tract infection (UTI) is infectious cystitis, which is caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder. Pyelonephritis is an infectious disease of the kidney, which is often developed as a result of an ascending bacterial infection, while urethritis is an inflammatory disease caused by an infection of the ureter.

It is used to diagnose urinary tract infection The profile of urinary tract infections includes the following studies:

• General analysis of urine Is a comprehensive study in which the general properties of urine, its physicochemical characteristics are determined and sediment microscopy is performed.

The analysis checks the color, transparency, specific gravity, acidity index (pH) of urine, as well as the presence of protein, bile pigments, glucose, ketone bodies and hemoglobin. In addition, qualitative and quantitative determination of urine sediment microscopy - inorganic substances and blood cells - erythrocytes, leukocytes and urinary cells.

• Microscopic examination of urine It is carried out on clean urine sediment, maximum 4 hours after excretion. The purpose of microscopy is the qualitative and quantitative determination of leukocytes, erythrocytes, epithelial cells lining the urinary tract, salts, bacteria, cylinders, fungi and other inorganic substances.
• General blood test It is used to assess the general state of health. It can also be a diagnostic indicator for many diseases, such as anemia, inflammatory conditions, leukemia, and others. The doctor will use this test to identify upper urinary tract infections.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate - EDS (ESR) - is directly proportional to the difference between erythrocyte mass, erythrocytes and plasma density and is inversely proportional to plasma viscosity. With leukocytosis and corresponding changes in the formula of leukocytes, increased EDS is a reliable sign of the presence of infectious and inflammatory processes in the body. Measurement of EDS in autoimmune diseases allows us to determine the stage of the disease (exacerbation or remission), evaluate its activity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, an increase in EDS is not a specific indicator of this or that disease. Nevertheless, its changes in pathology have diagnostic and prognostic significance and may be an indicator of the effectiveness of treatment.

• Urine culture (uroculture/bacteriological examination) is a test in which material from a urine sample is cultured on a bacteriological medium to detect and identify the bacteria that cause urinary tract infections (UTIs).

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When should we conduct an examination?

A urinary tract infection can happen to anyone, but it is more common in women. this is because that in women the urethra (the tube that carries urine) is shorter and closer to the anus, where E. coli bacteria are common. Older people are also at a higher risk of developing cystitis. This increased risk may be due to incomplete bladder emptying.

Symptoms of a urinary tract infection (UTI):
A urinary tract infection causes redness and irritation (inflammation) of the lining of the urinary tract, which can cause the following symptoms:
• Pain in the armpit, abdomen or pelvis.
• Frequent urination, urinary incontinence.
• Painful urination (dysuria) and blood in the urine.
• Urinating at night
• Increased sensitivity in the costovertebral angle
• Back pain

Other symptoms that may be associated with a urinary tract infection include:
• Pain during sex.
• Fever
• Fatigue.
• Vomiting.
• Mental changes or confusion.

Risk factors:
• Sexual activity
• Use of spermicides
• Post-menopause period
• Positive family history of UTIs
• History of recurrent UTI
• Presence of a foreign body
• Weak risk factors
• Insulin-dependent diabetes
• High number of urinary tract infections (UTI) acquired during life
• Recently taken antibiotics
• Incomplete emptying of the bladder
• Older age

Urinary tract infections are caused by microorganisms. Escherichia coli is the cause of 70% to 95% of uncomplicated cases, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus is the cause of 5% to 20%. Other pathogens that cause uncomplicated UTIs include enterobacteria such as Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella species, enterococci, group B streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the Citrobacter genus.

"Synevo" reminds you that self-medication and self-diagnostics are dangerous for health!

How to prepare for the test?

Blood sampling is required for analysis (at least 12 hours after the last meal).
Some medications can affect the results of test parameters, so it is important to consult your doctor and get detailed instructions to prepare for the analysis.

It is necessary to external before collecting urineConduct a thorough toilet of the genitals (it is better to use laundry soap):

• In women - Before collecting urine, women insert a gynecological tampon into the vagina.
• In men - a thorough toilet of the external genitalia with the opening of the head of the penis.
• In infants - after thorough toileting of the genitals, it is advisable to collect urine in a urinal. Urine squeezed out of a diaper is not subject to examination. Urine is collected in a special container or a clean glass container.

Research material

Venous blood and urine.

Possible interpretation of the results

If the test reveals abnormalities, it may be necessary to use additional, other methods of diagnostics. For this, you must consult a specialist, who, taking into account the symptoms, will correctly select the appropriate examinations to make an accurate diagnostics.