Advanced Child Health Profile II & Parasitology

General Blood Analysis & Eds

The test may be done as part of a routine check-up to detect problems or because the child is not feeling well. Red blood cell, white blood cell, and platelet levels can inform your doctor about possible problems such as anemia, infections, inflammation, and more.

Red blood cells They contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the tissues of the body and provides the red color of the blood. When the hemoglobin level is low, the baby may be pale and suffer from easy fatigue, his heart rate and respiratory rate may increase due to lack of oxygen.

Platelets Form blood clots that help stop bleeding in the event of a vascular injury. When the platelet count is low, bleeding easily develops. A child with a low platelet count may easily develop bruises or often have nosebleeds. Blood in the stool and urine is less common.

White blood cells

Neutrophils Fight infections caused by fungi and bacteria. Neutropenia (reduction in quantity) can be caused by a tumor process or by diseases, disorders, or infections that damage the bone marrow. In addition, some medications or conditions can cause neutropenia.

Lymphocytes They also protect the body from viral infections. Lymphocytopenia can be caused by an inherited syndrome, be associated with certain diseases, or be a side effect of medications or other treatments.

Monocytes Promote the removal of dead or damaged tissue and regulate the body's immune response. Infections, tumors, autoimmune diseases and other conditions can lead to an increase in the number of monocytes. The reduction in quantity can be the result of toxins, chemotherapy and other causes.

Eosinophilia (Increase in the number of eosinophils) can be caused most often by an allergic reaction or a parasitic infection.

Of basophils Decreases in quantity may be caused by allergic reactions or infection. The increased number may be caused by a tumor process or other disorders.

C Reactive Protein (CRP)

The test is done when the child has signs of inflammation or infection or in the case of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. CRP is also prescribed to monitor the treatment of infection and inflammation.

Antistreptolysin O

Determination of antistreptolysin O titer (ASO) is a blood test used to diagnose group A streptococcal infection. It is used not to diagnose an ongoing streptococcal infection, but to treat symptoms that may be caused by a previous streptococcal infection that has not been treated or complications of that infection.

Complications are most common in children Scarlet fever; which is treated with antibiotics. It is accompanied by symptoms such as:

• A red rash that looks like a sunburn.
• Red lines around the chest, arms, elbows, knees and neck.
• Reddened face with pale circle around mouth.
• Red and bumpy tongue that may have previously been covered with a white coating.

Complications are common as well Rheumatic fever. Its symptoms usually begin about one to five weeks after the baby is infected with streptococcus. Common symptoms may include:

• Inflammation of the joints, causing swelling, pain, and redness;
• Small, painless, hard bumps (nodules) under the skin, often on the bony areas;
• Unusual, rapid movements, most often on the face and hands. This is often observed when changing a child's handwriting,
• Red rash with strange edges on the torso, arms or legs;
• Fever;
• Lose weight;
• Lack of energy (fatigue);
• Stomach pain.

Among the complications as well Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, which can be manifested by the following symptoms:

• Blood in the baby's urine (hematuria) - dark, brown urine;
• Swelling around the eyes or feet;
• Infrequent crying or cessation of crying altogether;
• High blood pressure (hypertension), which causes headaches;
• Easily tired;
• Protein in urine (proteinuria);

Total cholesterol

In the past, doctors believed that children and adolescents were not at risk for an increase in cholesterol levels and the problems caused by it, however it is now proven that children and adolescents are at the same risk as adults. Children and adults with high cholesterol have the same risk of developing heart disease as adults. Maintaining a normal range of blood cholesterol levels reduces this risk.

High cholesterol in children is due to the following reasons:

• Inaction due to large amount of time spent with the screen and insufficient training.
• Intake of large amounts of fatty or sugary foods;
• Obesity;
• Family history of high cholesterol.

Iron

In children, iron is an essential nutrient for the growth and proper functioning of many organs and systems, mainly erythropoiesis. It must be taken from food and its absorption takes place in the upper gastrointestinal tract. When the body's demand for iron is not met, and when its quantity is insufficient to fully support erythrocyte production, the condition Iron deficiency Are called. In 30% of cases, without treatment, it can develop Iron deficiency anemia, which is the most common form of anemia in children.

The causes of iron deficiency are numerous, but in children it is mainly caused by four reasons: depletion of reserves at birth, inadequate intake of iron from food, decreased intestinal absorption, or chronic blood loss.

Signs of iron deficiency:

• Pale skin and mucous membranes;
• Decreased appetite;
• Lack of desire to play;
• Irritation;
• Asthenia;
• Insomnia;
• headache;
• Restriction of daily activities;
• Lack of attention, intelligence, memory, motor skills and speech;
• Glossitis;
• Dysphagia;
• Decreased gastric acidity;
• Nail dystrophy;
• Hair brittleness;
• Amenorrhea;
• Growth retardation;
• Susceptibility to infections, etc.

Glucose

Checking your blood sugar level is the best way to find out how well your child balances insulin, sugar from food and exercise. Learn to monitor this.

Keeping your baby's blood sugar levels in the target range helps your baby stay healthy. If your blood sugar level is too high or too low, your child will have unpleasant symptoms associated with hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia.

Hyperglycemia:

• Fatigue;
• Polyuria;
• Polydipsia;
• Irritability;
• Deterioration of vision.

Hypoglycemia:

• Fatigue;
• pallor
• Irritation;
• Increased appetite;
• Sweating;
• Impaired vision;
• headache;
• Shivering.

Calcium

Calcium is a mineral that builds strong bones. It plays an important role in the work of nerves and muscles and in maintaining heart health.

Young children and infants need calcium and vitamin D to avoid Rickets development. Rickets softens bones and causes growth retardation, sometimes pain, and the development of weak muscles.

To avoid problems with growth and development, it is advisable to prescribe calcium in children for prophylaxis.

Immunoglobulin AND (IgE)

IgE antibodies are usually found in small amounts in the blood, but higher levels may be a sign that the body is overreacting to allergens. This can lead to Allergic reaction.

IgE levels can also be high when the body is struggling Parasitic infection Or in the face Any problem with the immune system.

Determining the IgE antibody accordingly helps us to determine if the child has an allergic reaction, any problem with the immune system or a parasitic infection.

Parasitological examination (stool)

Examination of a stool sample can provide valuable information about problems with the stomach, intestines, rectum, or other parts of the gastrointestinal tract.

Research is especially advisable if the child has a possible Parasitic infection Symptoms such as prolonged diarrhea, blood or mucus in the stool, abdominal pain, nausea, headache, or fever, especially if the parasitic disease was reported at school or kindergarten, if the child recently drank contaminated water, or traveled to a developing country .

How to prepare for the test / rules of material collection

Blood sample Sampling, for profile studies, is essential on empty stomach , in the morning.

Feces Before parasitological examination, it should be noted that it is not advisable to conduct research:

• 10 days after radiological contrast examination of the gastrointestinal tract with barium porridge;
• During antibiotic therapy or within 14 days of therapy;
• When taking or receiving mineral oils, bismuth, anti-diarrhea and laxatives 7 days.

Rules for collecting feces for research

• Before collecting feces for research, you must first purchase a special container.
• The baby should urinate before collecting feces (exclude the possibility of urine entering the stool). For research, feces should not contain impurities such as urine.
• Stools should be collected in a specially prepared container for self-defecation.
• Samples are taken from the middle of the fecal mass with a spoon placed in a special container to collect fecal material. 1/3 or 10-15 g of the vessel volume is sufficient for analysis. Feces.
• The container should be tightly closed, placed in a clean bag and delivered to the laboratory center.
• It is not allowed to deliver the feces obtained after the use of enemas, suppositories, castor oil or Vaseline oil to the laboratory for examination.